The national dog breeds are the Kangal, Malaklı, Akbaş and Anatolian Shepherd. [38] Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. [478] The leading architects of this movement were Vedat Tek (1873–1942), Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1870–1927), Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1888–1982) and Giulio Mongeri (1873–1953). The HUDOC database provides access to the case-law of the Court (Grand Chamber, Chamber and Committee judgments and decisions, communicated cases, advisory opinions and legal summaries from the Case-Law Information Note), the European Commission of Human Rights (decisions and reports) and the Committee of Ministers (resolutions) In the east, the Ottomans were often at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries. Les chrétiens sont devenus une minorité invisible. [272], Renowned domestic animals from Ankara, the capital of Turkey, include the Angora cat, Angora rabbit and Angora goat; and from Van Province the Van cat. [189] In 2015, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar formed a "strategic alliance" against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Les trois quarts d’entre eux sont musulmans sunnites et … The conflict between Turkey and the PKK (designated a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the United States,[101] the European Union[102] and NATO[103]) has been active since 1984, primarily in the southeast of the country. [274] The eastern part of that coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. According to the 2011 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.35 percent each year. L'armée et les milieux laïques s'inquiètent de cette prolifération de mosquées non-controlées par l'État. [191][192][193] In January 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces, including the Free Syrian Army and Ahrar al-Sham,[194] began an intervention in Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed YPG from the enclave of Afrin. Subsequently, a contest started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Traces of Byzantine design can be detected; Turkic peoples migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdish tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia, brought with them their traditional designs. C'est la religion très majoritaire de la Turquie, où l'on estime que 83 % [2] de la population est musulmane. [364] Non-Kurdish minorities are believed to make up an estimated 7–12 percent of the population. Despite the increasingly prominent European presence, the Ottoman Empire's trade with the east continued to flourish until the second half of the 18th century.[63]. The Tanzimat reforms, initiated by Mahmud II just before his death in 1839, aimed to modernise the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. Le Premier ministre a dénoncé une "tentative de coup de force militaire". People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67.4 percent of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent. [315], Turkey has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the "Historic Areas of Istanbul", the "Rock Sites of Cappadocia", the "Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük", "Hattusa: the Hittite Capital", the "Archaeological Site of Troy", "Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape", "Hierapolis – Pamukkale", and "Mount Nemrut";[316] and 51 World Heritage Sites in tentative list, such as the archaeological sites or historic urban centres of Göbekli Tepe, Gordion, Ephesus, Aphrodisias, Perga, Lycia, Sagalassos, Aizanoi, Zeugma, Ani, Harran, Mardin, Konya and Alanya. Today there are more than 120,000-320,000 people of various Christian denominations,[427] representing less than 0.2% of Turkey's population,[428] including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics,[429] 18,000 Antiochian Greeks,[430] 5,000 Greek Orthodox and smaller numbers of Protestants. [328] Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. [85], The Montreux Convention (1936) restored Turkey's control over the Turkish Straits, including the right to militarise the coastlines of the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits and the Sea of Marmara, and to block maritime traffic in wartime.[91]. [493], The most popular sport in Turkey is association football. In 651 AD, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered Persia and spread Islam as the main religion. Appendix D: Religious Freedom Commitments and Obligations From Regional Bodies; Appendix E: Training at the Foreign Service Institute Related to the International Religious Freedom Act - 2015; Appendix F: Department of Homeland Security and the International Religious Freedom Act - 2015; Appendix G: Overview of U.S. ", "Turkey quickly sliding into authoritarian rule after move to increase Erdogan's powers", "Turkey's Parliament Starts Debate on Expansion of President's Powers", "Turkey's Erdogan lurches toward authoritarianism", "Can Turkey's Democracy Survive President Erdogan? [12][17][18] From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's power declined with a gradual loss of territories and wars. ", "Turkey: Archeological Dig Reshaping Human History", "Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations", "Turkish Airlines Now Fly To An Incredible 125 Countries", "Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey", "It will be the biggest airport of the world", "Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan", "Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open", "BAKÜ-T İ FL İ S-CEYHAN BORUHATTI'NDA SON DURUM", "Russia to Shift Ukraine Gas Transit to Turkey as EU Cries Foul", "Turkey Blocks: Incident Reports and News", "Turkey leads in social media censorship: new Twitter transparency report", "Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD", "Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector • SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi", "Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 Worldwide review", EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy, "Who We Are? [398] The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government, in power since 2002, pursue an explicit policy of Islamization of education to "raise a devout generation" against secular resistance,[399][400] in the process causing lost jobs and educational opportunities for non-religious citizens of Turkey. They followed closely the context of the book they were included in, more illustrations than standalone works of art. [88], Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many reforms. The loss of Rumelia (Ottoman territories in Europe) with the First Balkan War (1912–1913) was followed by the arrival of millions of Muslim refugees (muhacir) to Istanbul and Anatolia. Saint Peter founded one of the first churches in Antioch (Antakya), the location of which is regarded by tradition as the spot where he first preached the Gospel, and where the followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time. Le pourcentage de personnes se considérant pieuses tend à diminuer : 55 % en 2008, contre 51 % en 201814. turquie / religion - La Turquie et la Russie ont exprimé l’espoir qu’une réunion très attendue du président Recep Tayyip Erdoğan et du président russe Vladimir Poutine aboutirait à un cessez-le-feu dans la province d’Idlib, en Syrie, où la tension a énormément augmenté la semaine dernière après que la Syrie a tué 34 soldats turcs lors d’une frappe aérienne le 28 février. Franc-Maçonnerie, Carboneria et confréries soufies They built ancient places of worship such as the Sardis Synagogue in Lydia and the Priene Synagogue in Ionia. Notable players, directors and playwrights of Turkish theatre include Muhsin Ertuğrul, Haldun Taner, Aziz Nesin, Gülriz Sururi, Yıldız Kenter, Müşfik Kenter, Haldun Dormen, Sadri Alışık, Çolpan İlhan, Münir Özkul, Adile Naşit, Erol Günaydın, Gazanfer Özcan, Nejat Uygur, Genco Erkal, Metin Serezli, Nevra Serezli, Levent Kırca, Zeki Alasya, Metin Akpınar, Müjdat Gezen, Ferhan Şensoy, among others. [204], Turkey has the second-largest standing military force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate. C'est la religion très majoritaire de la Turquie, où l'on estime que 83 %2 de la population est musulmane. [84], The occupation of Istanbul (1918) and İzmir (1919) by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement. Née au XVIIIe siècle à l'initiative de Français et Anglais installés dans l'Empire ottoman, elle compte aujourd'hui 14 000 membres de trois obédiences. [274], Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. processus identitaires stratégies et devenir d'une communauté " chiite " en Turquie dans l’Union européenne [420][421] Two of the five major episcopal sees of the Pentarchy (Constantinople and Antioch) instituted by Justinian the Great in 531 AD[422] were located in present-day Turkey during the Byzantine period.[423]. [338] Although the energy policy of Turkey includes reducing fossil-fuel imports, coal in Turkey is the largest single reason why greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey amount to 1% of the global total. They also won multiple medals over multiple decades at the Mediterranean Games. After fighting as part of the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. [citation needed] Turkey's support for Northern Cyprus in the Cyprus dispute complicates Turkey's relations with the EU and remains a major stumbling block to the country's EU accession bid. [155][156][157][158] The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that "the independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure. Not all were ethnic Turks; some were Muslim Albanians, Bosniaks, Greek Muslims, Muslim Serbs, Macedonian Muslims and Bulgarian Muslims. [395] For many decades, the wearing of the Hijab was banned in schools and government buildings because it was viewed as a symbol of political Islam. Un attentat-suicide contre une loge maçonnique a fait deux morts mars 2004. [203] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service. TURKEY: STaTE of EmERgEncY, STaTE of aRbiTRaRY 2 REPoRTERS iThoUT boRdERS SEPTEmbER 2016 The Turkish people took to the streets to face tanks on the night of 15 July 2016, a few hours after a sector of the army, backed by armoured units and fighter planes, went on to the … [256] It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's land area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles),[257] of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 square miles) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,175 square miles) in Europe. L’islam est présent dans la région de l'actuelle Turquie depuis la seconde moitié du XI e siècle, lorsque les seldjoukides ont commencé à s'étendre depuis l'Est vers l'Anatolie orientale. [500] The women's national basketball team won the silver medal at the EuroBasket Women 2011 and the bronze medal at the EuroBasket Women 2013. [336], As of 2018[update] Turkey consumes 1700 terawatt hours (TW/h) of primary energy per year, a little over 20 megawatt hours (MW/h) per person, mostly from imported fossil fuels. [281] Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields. Elle a créé des formations paramilitaires en collaboration avec l’extrême droite (le MHP). Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. [174] In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. [153], Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several departments (such as the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command) and agencies, all acting under the command of the President of Turkey or mostly the Minister of Internal Affairs. Despite this however, western music styles like pop music and kanto lost popularity to arabesque in the late 1970s and 1980s. [218][219] Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to the country's membership of the EU. Depuis elle est partagée entre un soutien à l’ANAP et au parti islamiste. Arménie Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic until the Hellenistic period. [244] In 2017, the CPJ identified 81 jailed journalists in Turkey (including the editorial staff of Cumhuriyet, Turkey's oldest newspaper still in circulation), all directly held for their published work (the country ranked first in the world in that year, with more journalists in prison than in Iran, Eritrea or China);[245] while in 2015 Freemuse identified nine musicians imprisoned for their work (ranking third after Russia and China). [263], The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range. [123][124][125] Steps towards decentralisation[when?] [371] The term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, while the Turkish government is frequently criticised for its treatment of minorities. The modern spelling "Turkey" dates back to at least 1719. The dances, music and songs performed during the rituals of the inhabitants of Anatolia millennia ago are the elements from which the first shows originated. Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy, and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear tools.[344]. Le seul vrai laïcisme possible en Turquie ne consiste pas à séparer la religion de l'Etat en la laissant s'organiser et fonctionner de façon autonome, mais à la placer sous le contrôle le plus rigoureux de l'Etat à travers un département, appelé ensuite ministère, des Affaires religieuses (Diyanet). Each category includes first instance courts and high courts. Turkish directors like Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Yılmaz Güney and Ferzan Özpetek won numerous international awards such as the Palme d'Or and Golden Bear. Following the arrest and imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan in 1999,[107][108] the PKK modified its demands into equal rights for ethnic Kurds and provincial autonomy within Turkey. [69] As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the Ottoman economic crisis and default in 1875[70] which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878); many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia,[71][72] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. [110][111] Today, EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey. It forms the border between Turkey and its neighbours Greece and Bulgaria. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule. [13][15] The Seljuk Turks began migrating in the 11th century, and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities. This book was based on recipes found in an 18th century Ottoman manuscript. OLJ/Agences / le 15 juillet 2016 à 03h20 . The roots of traditional music in Turkey span across centuries to a time when the Seljuk Turks migrated to Anatolia and Persia in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. Russian forces advanced into northeastern Anatolia and controlled the major cities there until retreating from World War I with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the Russian Revolution (1917). According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011,[351] nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. Charles A. Truxillo (2012), Jain Publishing Company, "Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War". Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization. Le futur Atatürk a laïcisé l’enseignement, interdit les confréries islamiques (1925) et remplacé la législation d’inspiration coranique par des codes emprunté à des pays occidentaux (la Suisse pour le code civil). Starting from the 11th-century, the traditions of the Seljuk Turks blended with those of the indigenous peoples of Anatolia and the interaction between diverse cultures paved the way for new plays. [376] As part of Turkey's migrant crisis, according to UNHCR, in 2018 Turkey was hosting 63.4% of all the refugees in the world, that is 3,564,919 registered refugees from Africa and the Middle East in total. L’islam sunnite ", "Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt", "Pence heads to Turkey as Erdogan rejects calls for ceasefire in Syria", "Full Text: Memorandum of Understanding between Turkey and Russia on northern Syria", "Turkey not resuming military operation in northeast Syria: security source", "General Structure of Turkish Public Administration", "Ministry of Internal Affairs: Administrative Units in Turkey", "The Turkish Constitution and the Kurdish Question", "HDP arrests pose grave risks for Turkey's future", "Europeanization and the dilemma of decentralization: centre–local relations in Turkey", "BDP's decentralization proposal debated in Turkey", "The principle of decentralization in the new constitution", "Recep Tayyip the First: Erdogan inaugurates a new political era in Turkey", "Turkey elections: How powerful will the next Turkish president be? Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity. [130] The office of Prime Minister has been abolished and its powers (together with those of the Cabinet) have been transferred to the President, who is the head of state and is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. [517] Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series. [274], Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons. [376][377][378], Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. [259] Southeastern Turkey is located within the northern plains of Upper Mesopotamia. [225][226][227][228] Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 people have died, most of whom were Turkish Kurds. However, in the period between the 1920s and 1950s, a new generation of Turkish entrepreneurs such as Nuri Demirağ, Vehbi Koç, Hacı Ömer Sabancı and Nejat Eczacıbaşı began to establish privately owned factories, some of which evolved into the largest industrial conglomerates that dominate the Turkish economy today, such as Koç Holding, Sabancı Holding and Eczacıbaşı Holding. The diversity of Turkey's fauna is even greater than that of its flora. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. [20] The 1913 coup d'état effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. [29] The Turkish name Türkiye was adopted in 1923 under the influence of European usage. [444] Access to high-quality school heavily depends on the performance in the secondary school entrance exams, to the point that some students begin taking private tutoring classes when they are ten years old. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. Turkish folk dance is diverse. The undersea pipeline, Turkish Stream, with an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres (2,200 billion cubic feet), will allow Turkey to resell Russian gas to Europe. Recently Vakıfbank has won the 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship[503][504][505] and the 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League for the fourth time in their history.[506]. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said "Our attitude on the Armenian issue has been clear from the beginning. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. [264] The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests. [390][391], A 2016 survey by market research group Ipsos, interviewing 17,180 adults across 22 countries, found that Islam was the dominant religion in Turkey, adhered to by 82% of the total population; religiously unaffiliated people comprised 13% of the population, while 2% were Christians. [198][199] Turkey recognizes and supports the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) in Libya, which has been torn by a civil war since 2014. [467] Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era. [294] Turkey's annual current account deficit was $47.3 billion at the end of December 2017, compared to the previous year's figure of $33.1 billion. Celui-ci nomme les imams, surveille leur enseignement et interfère dans les plus petits détails de la vie religieuse, … [325] İstanbul Airport is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers a year. [363] In addition, due to internal migration, Kurdish diaspora communities exist in all of the major cities in central and western Turkey. [205][needs update] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. [353] The largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, is also the largest city in Europe by population, and the third-largest city in Europe in terms of size. [14], Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to circa 10,000 BC,[30] while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. La laïcité prônée par Atatürk est bien loin. En 1924, après avoir instauré la république, Mustapha Kemal a aboli le Califat (l’autorité suprême de l’islam, que les grecs détenaient depuis la prise de La Mecque par les armée ottomane en 1517. By the 1920s, Islam had become the majority religion. [362] The Kurds are concentrated in Turkish Kurdistan, making up a majority in the provinces of Ağrı, Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elâzığ, Hakkari, Iğdır, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şırnak, Tunceli and Van; a near majority in Şanlıurfa Province (47%); and a large minority in Kars Province (20%). [292] In the economic crisis of 2016 it emerged that the huge debts incurred for investment during the AKP government since 2002 had mostly been consumed in construction, rather than invested in sustainable economic growth. Istanbul Why the United States Is Getting Tough With Turkey", "Turkey-EU-US Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity? [330] The Bosphorus Bridge (1973), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (1988) and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. [25][26] It is a charter member of the UN, an early member of NATO, the IMF, and the World Bank, and a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC, OIC, and G20. The women's national volleyball team won the gold medal at the 2015 European Games, the silver medal at the 2003 European Championship, the bronze medal at the 2011 European Championship, and the bronze medal at the 2012 FIVB World Grand Prix. [119] Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies (belediye meclisi) for decision-making on municipal issues. The 1980 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: 12 Eylül Darbesi), headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic, the previous having been the 1960 coup and the 1971 coup by memorandum.. During the Cold War era, Turkey saw political violence (1976–1980) between far-left, far-right and Islamist militant groups, and the state. [142][143][144] Many elements in the constitutional reform package that was approved with the referendum in 2017 have increased concerns in the European Union regarding democracy and the separation of powers in Turkey. Religion in Iran has been shaped by multiple religions and sects over the course of the country's history. [138][139][140][141] Even before the constitutional referendum in 2017 the Council of Europe said the country had autocratic tendencies and warned of a "dramatic regression of [Turkey's] democratic order". [487][488], Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine. Décidément, les temps sont troubles. The centralised structure of decision-making in Ankara is stated by some academics as an impediment to good local governance,[121][122] and occasionally causes resentment in the municipalities of urban centres that are inhabited largely by ethnic minority groups, such as the Kurds. Other important movements in Turkish painting were the "Yeniler Grubu" (The Newcomers Group) of the late 1930s; the "On'lar Grubu" (Group of Ten) of the 1940s; the "Yeni Dal Grubu" (New Branch Group) of the 1950s; and the "Siyah Kalem Grubu" (Black Pen Group) of the 1960s. Turkey is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria; north by the Black Sea; northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran; southeast by Iraq; south by Syria and the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea. With an estimated nominal gross domestic product of $744 billion ($8,958 per capita) and $2.4 trillion ($28,264 p.c.) La Turquie fait l'expérience, depuis 1924, d'une laïcité dans le contexte d'un pays de culture essentiellement musulmane sunnite. [76][77][78][79] The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 17.5% (three million followers) in a population of 16 million to 2.5% percent in the early 20th century. [444] Less than half of 25- to 34-year-old Turks have completed at least high school, compared with an OECD average of over 80 percent. [469] Elle cristallise la haine des islamistes. [81][82][83] Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.