[57] Palmerston was suspicious of France's interventions in Lebanon, Southeast Asia and Mexico. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11,500,000 km2 (4,400,000 sq mi) in 1920, with a population of 110 million people in 1936. The Thai Emperor granted authority over Cambodia to France, in exchange for two provinces of Laos, which were ceded by Cambodia to Thailand. Dakar became one of the most important cities of the French Empire and of Africa. Au xvie siècle, le seul établissement solide est la Nouvelle-France (Canada) grâce à Jacques Cartier, qui, soutenu par François Ier remonte le Saint-Laurent (1535). "The French Atlantic," in, Dwyer, Philip. Excursions of Giovanni da Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier in the early 16th century, as well as the frequent voyages of French boats and fishermen to the Grand Banks off Newfoundland throughout that century, were the precursors to the story of France's colonial expansion. Sous le règne personnel de Louis XIV (1661-1715), Colbert, secrétaire d’État de la marine, impose la colonisation comme une nécessité pour la prospérité de la France. Avec 12 millions de kilomètres carrés et 68 690 000 habitants, l'empire colonial français était en 1939 le deuxième du monde, après celui de l'Angleterre. Deux fédérations regroupent ses territoires d’Afrique subsaharienne, l'Afrique-Occidentale française ou A-OF (capitale Dakar), créée en 1904, et l'Afrique-Équatoriale française ou A-ÉF (capitale Brazzaville), fondée en 1910. [27] In 1609, another adventurer, Pierre-Olivier Malherbe, returned from a circumnavigation of the globe and informed Henry of his adventures. ", Remi Clignet, "Inadequacies of the notion of assimilation in African education. 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa through spreading language and religion, were used as justifications for many of the brutal practices that came with the French colonial project. Nonetheless, he did not give up his idea of making Algeria a model where French colonists and Arabs could live and work together as equals. Empire colonial Les empires coloniaux sont des ensembles de territoires que des États, disposant d'importantes forces militaires et navales, se sont appropriés au cours du temps sur la … "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58.". Il est composé principalement par des possessions de la Nouvelle-France, aux Antilles, aux Indes, ainsi que des comptoirset d'îles parsemées. [34] The black and mulatto population of the island (including the Spanish east) had declined from 700,000 in 1789 to 351,819 in 1804. In 1859 there were even briefly fears that France might try to invade Britain. The French made their last major colonial gains after World War I, when they gained mandates over the former territories of the Ottoman Empire that make up what is now Syria and Lebanon, as well as most of the former German colonies of Togo and Cameroon. [21], Through alliances with various Native American tribes, the French were able to exert a loose control over much of the North American continent. Forums pour discuter de empire colonial, voir ses formes composées, des exemples et poser vos questions. Although the loss of Canada would cause much regret in future generations, it excited little unhappiness at the time; colonialism was widely regarded as both unimportant to France, and immoral.[33]. Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic. The article French colonial empire … The First French Empire, officially the French Republic (until 1809) then the French Empire (French: Empire Français; Latin: Imperium Francicum), was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. [100][101] However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, toppled Bảo Đại in a fraud-ridden referendum and proclaimed himself president of the new Republic of Vietnam. Both nations saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. While ostensibly well-intentioned, in effect this move destroyed the traditional system of land management and deprived many Algerians of land. [27][28] The second ship, carrying François Martin de Vitré, reached Ceylon and traded with Aceh in Sumatra, but was captured by the Dutch on the return leg at Cape Finisterre. Le premier empire colonial (1661-1763), 2.1. "[77], French colonial officials, influenced by the revolutionary ideal of equality, standardized schools, curricula, and teaching methods as much as possible. Major revolts in Indochina and Algeria proved very expensive and France lost both colonies. [108] The Indian Ocean island of Mayotte voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and forgo independence. "National, Transnational, and Hypernational Historiographies: New France Meets Early American History,", Hodson, Christopher, and Brett Rushforth, "Absolutely Atlantic: Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography,", "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 19:47. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire," that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the "Second French Colonial Empire", which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830. To carry out his new overseas projects, Napoleon III created a new Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies and appointed an energetic minister, Prosper, Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat, to head it. The Americans had far more money, as USAID coordinated and funded the activities of expert teams, and particularly of academic missions. [72] As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably French West Africa and Madagascar. Explorateur et administrateur français... L'histoire de la Méditerranée ancienne fait apparaître l'existence de fondations dues aux Crétois, aux Phéniciens ou aux Grecs... 973. En fait, il … [40][41], Queen Pōmare left her kingdom and exiled herself to Raiatea in protest against the French and tried to enlist the help of Queen Victoria. [28][29][30] On 1 June 1604, he issued letters patent to Dieppe merchants to form the Dieppe Company, giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years. Gratuit. Si, à la conférence de Brazzaville (1944), elle écarte sans équivoque toute idée d'autonomie ou d'indépendance, des mouvements nationalistes naissent et s'affirment, cependant, particulièrement en Afrique du Nord et en Indochine, où le Viêt-minh proclame l'indépendance du Viêt Nam (1945). II La vie dans les colonies françaises. In 1863, the ruler of Cambodia, King Norodom, who had been placed in power by the government of Thailand, rebelled against his sponsors and sought the protection of France. Dans le même temps, son empire s'agrandit de la Tunisie (1881), de Madagascar (1885), des Comores (1886), de la côte des Somalis (1892), des Nouvelles-Hébrides (→ Vanuatu) – placées sous condominium franco-anglais en 1906 – et surtout, en Extrême-Orient, du Tonkin, de l'Annam (1885) et du Laos (1895). El-Krim founded an independent Rif Republic that operated until 1926 but had no international recognition. Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, West, and Central Africa by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the east African coastal enclave of Djibouti (French Somaliland), and the island of Madagascar). They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems and methods in vogue in the mother nation. La France doit reconnaître l'indépendance de l'Indochine (Laos, Cambodge et Viêt Nam coupé en deux jusqu'en 1975) en 1954, de la Tunisie et du Maroc (1956), de la Guinée (1958), puis des treize républiques (plus la République malgache) qui se substituent à ses anciens territoires d'Afrique noire (1960), de l'Algérie (1962), des Comores (1975), des Afars et Issas, ancienne Côte française des Somalis (→ République de Djibouti, 1977), et des Nouvelles-Hébrides (→ Vanuatu, 1980). He traveled to Algiers for a second time on 3 May 1865, and this time he remained for a month, meeting with tribal leaders and local officials. Sa création est considérée comme une des plus belles réalisations de la IIIe République, qui la légitime au … N – Z, index, France, U.N. Start Ivory Coast Evacuation, H-FRANCE, daily discussions and book reviews, Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820), Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonial_empire&oldid=993655875, 1534 establishments in the French colonial empire, 1946 disestablishments in the French colonial empire, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Langley, Michael. The slaves, led eventually by Toussaint L'Ouverture and then, following his capture by the French in 1801, by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, held their own against French and British opponents, and ultimately achieved independence as Empire of Haiti in 1804 (Haiti became the first black republic in the world, followed by Liberia in 1847). L’empire colonial français est traversé par des révoltes permanentes. Avec 12 millions de kilomètres carrés et 68 690 000 habitants, l'empire colonial français était en 1939 le deuxième du monde, après celui de l'Angleterre. [75], French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. [29], From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry developed a strong enthusiasm for travel to Asia and attempted to set up a French East India Company on the model of England and the Netherlands. The lesser coat of arms of France as used by the, French intervention in the American Revolution, International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa", "How the Legacy of French Colonization has Shaped Divergent Levels of Economic Development in East Asia: A Time-Series Cross-National Analysis", Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914, "Playboy, bon vivant and the last emperor of Vietnam: Bao Dai", "The Ambiguous Legacy of Ngô Đình Diệm in South Vietnam's Second Republic (1967–1975)", Mayotte votes to become France's 101st département, "TABLEAU 1 – ÉVOLUTION GÉNÉRALE DE LA SITUATION DÉMOGRAPHIQUE", "Code Officiel Géographique – La IIIe République (1919–1940)", France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Tous ces territoires ne sont pas exploités de la même façon. [63], In 1849, the French Concession in Shanghai was established, and in 1860, the French Concession in Tientsin (now called Tianjin) was set up. Paris and Madrid agreed to collaborate to destroy it. Compared to previous administrations, Napoleon III was far more sympathetic to the native Algerians. [115] Bill Marshall wrote, "The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, failed utterly when tropical diseases and climate killed all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000. The Franco-Tahitian War broke out between the Tahitian people and the French from 1844 to 1847 as France attempted to consolidate their rule and extend their rule into the Leeward Islands where Queen Pōmare sought refuge with her relatives. The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as Charles de Gaulle returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962. French involvement in Algeria stretched back a century. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon." French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.[99]. Historian Tony Chafer argues: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. Seules les pêches miraculeuses de Terre-Neuve maintiennent l’intérêt français pour le Nouveau Monde. The largest colonies were Indochina with 21.5 million (in five separate colonies), Algeria with 6.6 million, Morocco, with 5.4 million, and West Africa with 14.6 million in nine colonies. During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne and Réunion as well as to the residents of the "Four Communes" in Senegal. The French constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth Republic), established the French Union which endured until 1958. Back in France there was relatively little interest in colonialism, which concentrated rather on dominance within Europe, and for most of its history, New France was far behind the British North American colonies in both population and economic development. A key part of the enterprise was the modernization of the French Navy; he began the construction of 15 powerful new battle cruisers powered by steam and driven by propellers; and a fleet of steam-powered troop transports. Foccart supported in particular the Nigerian Civil War during the late 1960s. Major critics included Albert Londres, Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read. He built a new port at Dakar, established and protected telegraph lines and roads, followed these with a rail line between Dakar and Saint-Louis and another into the interior. Département et Région français d'outre-mer... Une des cinq parties du monde, l'Océanie doit son nom... Ensemble d'archipels français du Pacifique sud... Terres australes et antarctiques françaises, 1.2. In 1945, the Sétif massacre was carried out by the French army. ", Dubois, Laurent. This process was corrupted by French officials sympathetic to the French in Algeria who took much of the land they surveyed into public domain. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. 1940 : la France libre et l'empire colonial Un village français, ils y étaient... En juillet 1940, la France est divisée en deux : d'un côté il y a la France du maréchal Pétain qui demande l'armistice aux allemands, et de l'autre celle du général de Gaulle qui souhaite poursuivre le combat et qu'il appelle la France libre . L'Exposition coloniale internationale, qui se tient à Paris en 1931, consacre son apogée. Eugénie was invited to attend a traditional Arab wedding, and the Emperor met many of the local leaders. Both concessions lasted until 1946. Le Premier espace colonial français est l'espace colonial issu des conquêtes monarchiques. Full citizenship rights – assimilation – were offered, although in reality "assimilation was always receding [and] the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens. Carte de l'empire colonial français en 1914. However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over Morocco and granted it independence in 1956. In addition, many tribal leaders, chosen for loyalty to the French rather than influence in their tribe, immediately sold communal land for cash. The French troops departed in June 1861, after just under one year. Les pays de l'Empire doivent produire essentiellement ce dont a besoin la métropole, et leurs habitants ne bénéficient que d'une participation dérisoire dans les institutions représentatives. Bonnes affaires empire colonial francais ! "Writing Empire? Napoleon III organized an international conference in Paris, where the country was placed under the rule of a Christian governor named by the Ottoman Sultan, which restored a fragile peace. No ships were sent, however, until 1616. La France contrôle successivement le Moyen Congo (→ Congo, 1885), la Côte-d’Ivoire (1893), le Dahomey (→ Bénin, 1893), la Haute-Volta (→ Burkina, 1893), le Soudan (→ Mali : histoire, 1893), l’Oubangui-Chari (→ Centrafrique, 1894), la Guinée (1896), le Niger (1897-1899), le Tchad (1900) et la Mauritanie (1902), mais se heurte à l'expansion anglaise lorsqu'elle tente d'établir une zone d'influence continue du Congo à Djibouti (→ affaire de Fachoda, 1898). The extensive trading network throughout the region connected to Canada through the Great Lakes, was maintained through a vast system of fortifications, many of them centred in the Illinois Country and in present-day Arkansas. Since the 1980s the French government has opened new museums of colonial artifacts including the Musée du Quai Branly and the Cité Nationale de l’Histoire de l’Immigration, in Paris; and the Maison des Civilisations et de l’Unité Réunionnaise in Réunion. S’il reste encore aujourd’hui des « vestiges » du premier empire colonial, comme la Martinique, la Guadeloupe ou encore La Réunion, anciennes colonies qui demeurent des territoires français, force est de constater que cet empire colonial n’existe plus. [54] He halted European migration inland, restricting them to the coastal zone. Early French attempts to found colonies in Brazil, in 1555 at Rio de Janeiro ("France Antarctique") and in Florida (including Fort Caroline in 1562), and in 1612 at São Luís ("France Équinoxiale"), were not successful, due to a lack of official interest and to Portuguese and Spanish vigilance.