The 1st Circuit. Jurisdiction. As federal appeal lawyers to the federal circuit courts, we understand the substantive areas and united states Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit rules involved in federal procurement including bid protests, Contract Disputes Act, the Court’s jurisdiction and … The court hears certain appeals from all of the United States District Courts, appeals from certain administrative agencies, and appeals arising under certain statutes. At the time of its creation, the Fifth Circuit covered Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.. On June 25, 1948, the Panama Canal Zone was added to the Fifth Circuit by 62 Stat. The court is composed of 14 active judges and is based at the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Argument. [1][2] The Federal Circuit is particularly known for its decisions on patent law, as it is the only appellate-level court other than the Supreme Court with the jurisdiction to hear patent case appeals. 46 - Requirements to Enter Court Facilities and Temporary Suspension of Paper Filing Requirements Amended Eleventh Circuit General Order No. The Federal Circuit issues its mandate seven days after the time to file a petition for rehearing has expired, or seven days after the denial of a petition for rehearing, whichever is later. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position. March 8, 2018 - New Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan - The Second Circuit is adhering to the new Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan. Usually a Full Court of three or more Judges sitting together will hear an appeal. 717 MADISON PLACE, N.W. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit; in case citations, Fed. They are comprised of thirteen circuits; the 1st - 11th Circuits, the District of Columbia Circuit Court and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. 25. Appeals courts consist of three judges and do not use a jury. The Chief Justice may however, direct that an appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge be heard by a single judge. The court has twelve seats for active judges, numbered in alphabetical order by their occupant at the time the court was formed, with the sole vacant seat being numbered last. See order for further details. Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve unless the circuit justice (i.e., the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. As of 2016[update], Washington and Lee University School of Law's Millhiser Moot Courtroom had been designated as the continuity of operations site for the court. How do cases arrive before the Federal Courts of Appeal? These rules are to be known as the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. The United States Courts of Appeal, sometimes referred to as the Federal Circuit Courts, are intermediate appellate federal courts. Please include your case number and a telephone number in case court staff needs to reach you. Cases from the district courts of those states are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana. This allows a senior judge to continue to serve on the court while handling fewer cases than an active service judge. §1915(a). The decisions of the Federal Circuit, particularly in regard to patent cases, are unique in that they are binding precedent throughout the U.S. within the bounds of the court's subject-matter jurisdiction. United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Howard T. Markey National Courts Building, United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington and Lee University School of Law's, United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, United States Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, United States Patent Trial and Appeal Board, United States Merit Systems Protection Board, United States International Trade Commission, United States Court of International Trade, Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973, Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, List of current United States Circuit Judges, "U.S. Appeals Court for the Federal Circuit to Hear Cases at W&L Law". Welcome to the U.S. Court of Appeals. The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit remains open and operational during the COVID-19 pandemic. or C.A.F.C.) Once the federal district court has decided a case, the case can be appealed to a United States court of appeal. Cir. The appeals courts also can hear appeals from some administrative agencies. CM/ECF Document Filing System. Wikisource has original works on the topic: Boards of contract appeals (for Government contract disputes pursuant to the, Section 506(c) of the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, source for the duty stations for senior judges, source for the state, lifetime, term of active judgeship, term of chief judgeship, term of senior judgeship, appointer, termination reason, and seat information, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 05:25. Employee Rights & How to Report Wrongful Conduct, U.S. Government Publishing Office’s govinfo service, ADAPTIVE STREAMING INC. v. NETFLIX, INC. [OPINION], In Re EARLEY [OPINION], PROVEPHARM INC. v. WISTA LABORATORIES LTD. [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], MEDICINOVA, INC. v. GENZYME CORPORATION [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], In Re COLES [OPINION], SUPER-SPARKLY SAFETY STUFF v. SKYLINE USA, INC. [OPINION], ETHANOL BOOSTING SYSTEMS, LLC v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], UNILOC 2017 LLC v. APPLE INC. [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], NATIONAL PRODUCTS, INC. v. HIGH GEAR SPECIALTIES INC. [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], ADVANCED POWDER SOLUTIONS v. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], BLACKBERRY LIMITED v. FACEBOOK, INC. [RULE 36 JUDGMENT], EXPRESS MOBILE, INC. v. EGROVE SYSTEMS CORPORATION [RULE 36 JUDGMENT]. 202-275-8000. In some cases the decision may be reviewed en banc, that is, by a larger group of judges (usually all) of the court of appeals for the circuit. The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit remains open and operational during the COVID-19 pandemic. B. Mullett. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit may also review the administrative rulings of the Patent and Trademark Office, the Secretary of Commerce and other agencies. P. 34(a), counsel may file a motion under Circuit Rule 34(e) to waive oral argument. The large size of the current court is because both the population of the western states and the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit have increased dramatically since the U.S. Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1891. Notice of Final Rule Change to Circuit Rule 35 (Effective December 1, 2020) Wednesday, November 25, 2020 Notice - Inflationary Increases in Miscellaneous Fee Schedule Effective December 1, 2020 Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges. Other federal courts in that circuit must, from that point forward, follow the appeals court's guidance in similar cases, regardless of whether the trial judge thinks that the case should be decided differently. [3], The court occupies the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building as well as the adjacent Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House, former Cosmos Club building, and the Cutts-Madison House in Washington, D.C. on Lafayette Square. is a United States court of appeals headquartered in Washington, D.C. 25, Reassigned on October 1, 1982 from the United States Court of Claims by 96 Stat. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, created by an act of Congress in 1982, hears appeals from U.S. district and territorial courts primarily in patent and trademark cases, though it also hears appeals in cases in which the United States or its agencies is a defendant, … Eleventh Circuit General Order No. Custom House and Post Office served as the Eighth's Circuit's home from 1891 to 1935. is a United States court of appeals headquartered in Washington, D.C. In some cases the decision may be reviewed en banc, that is, by a larger group of judges (usually all) of the court of appeals for the circuit. Because the Court is one of national jurisdiction, panels from the court may sit anywhere in the country. Additionally, this circuit also hears appeals from the District Court of the Virgin Islands, which is technically a territorial court and not a full district court under Article III of the Constitution. The Fifth Circuit, for example, includes the states of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. 5. We pay our respects to the people, the cultures and the elders, past, present and emerging. The U.S. The court is based at the Dirksen Federal Building in Chicago, Illinois and is composed of eleven appellate judges. For the Tenth Circuit - Neil M. Gorsuch, Associate Justice (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming) For the Eleventh Circuit - Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) For the Federal Circuit - John G. Roberts, Jr., Chief Justice. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit will continue to operate under the Continuity of Operations Plan activated on March 18, 2020. This site is hosted by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary. How do cases arrive before the Federal Courts of Appeal? U.S. COURT OF APPEALS LIVE CM/ECF DATABASE The Federal Circuit is an appellate court with jurisdiction generally given in 28 U.S.C. Updated information regarding the Third Circuit Clerk’s Office operations is available. Welcome to the U.S. Court of Appeals. § 1295. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held a special session of the court on April 2, 2007 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982, the law which created the court. Even then, the vast majority of veterans who appeal an adverse decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (CAVC) to the U.S. Federal Circuit Court … That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the President. For details, click here. R. APP. U.S. COURT OF APPEALS LIVE CM/ECF DATABASE All dispositions are available in PACER. Suspension of Rules PHONE: (804) 916-2700 HOURS: 8:30 am - 5:00 p.m. M-F As federal appeal lawyers, we also litigate appeals at the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit which usually happens when a person wins a case in the court of federal claims. Decisions of the Federal Circuit are only superseded by decisions of the Supreme Court or by applicable changes in the law. Courthouse & Annex 1100 East Main Street, Suite 501 Richmond, VA 23219. Appeals are listed for hearing before the Full Court (three judges of the Family Court). B. Mullett. With a national jurisdiction, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit hears appeals on patent and certain civil cases from courts such as the U.S. Court of International Trade and the Court of Federal Claims, among others. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit IN RE APPLE, INC. On Petition for a Writ of Mandamus from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, Case No. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. circuit court of appeals synonyms, circuit court of appeals pronunciation, circuit court of appeals translation, English dictionary definition of circuit court of appeals. Decisions of the federal appeals courts can, in turn, be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States hears about 100 to 150 appeals of the more than 7,000 cases it is asked to review every year. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit will hold oral arguments by video conference during the court’s January 2021 session. The court sits from time to time in locations other than Washington, and its judges can and do sit by designation on the benches of other courts of appeals and federal district courts. Effective April 27, 2020, all persons visiting the courthouse and annex are required to wear a facial … The court offers a relatively unique internet presence that includes wiki and RSS feeds of opinions and oral arguments. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, created by an act of Congress in 1982, hears appeals from U.S. district and territorial courts primarily in patent and trademark cases, though it also hears appeals in cases in which the United States or its agencies is a defendant, as in alleged breaches of contract or in tax disputes. Courthouse & Annex 1100 East Main Street, Suite 501 Richmond, VA 23219. CM/ECF PACER Login. 717 MADISON PLACE, N.W. WASHINGTON D.C. 20439. The Eighth Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard in one of its subsidiary districts. Subdivision (a). den. The Court publishes opinions, precedential orders, all non-ministerial orders related to en … Elf davon tragen Nummern (das entsprechende Gericht heißt dann etwa United States Court of Appeal for the Tenth Circuit). Effective August 10, 2020, all persons visiting the courthouse and annex are required to check their temperature using a contactless kiosk. The court of appeals was originally created in 1891 and has grown to include thirteen courts. eral court of appeals, in this case, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, would be in the interest of justice. CM/ECF PACER Login. However, appeals from a judgment of a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia or from a Court of summary jurisdiction will be heard by a single judge unless a judge considers that it is appropriate for the appeal to be heard by a Full Court. Eleventh Circuit General Order No. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (in case citations, 4th Cir.) Notwithstanding the foregoing, when the court was initially created, Congress had to resolve which chief judge of the predecessor courts would become the first chief judge. Strict deadlines apply to the filing of the notice of appeal – usually 30 days for civil cases and just 10 for federal criminal cases. Cir. The method by which a case arrives before an appellate court varies based upon the type of appellate court. There are 94 district courts, 13 circuit courts, and one Supreme Court throughout the country. Updated information regarding the Third Circuit Clerk’s Office operations is available. Courthouse 100 East Fifth Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Phone: (513) 564-7000 Hours: 8:30 am - 5:00 pm M-F ZTE, 890 F.3d at 1012. Dazu kommt das Gericht für den District of Columbia mit der Bundeshauptstadt Washington , dessen herausragende Bedeutung sich aus seiner Zuständigkeit für die vielen dort ansässigen Bundesbehörden herleitet. It is now the home of the Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District. The chief judge of the court is Sharon Prost, who was appointed by President George W. Bush (R). Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. The Federal Circuit has 12 authorized judicial posts. There … is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts: ... Congress created a new judicial circuit in 1929 to accommodate the increased caseload in the federal courts. The email address is: questions@ca9.uscourts.gov. [11] This made Howard T. Markey, former chief judge of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, the first chief judge. We begin our analysis with the plain language of the statutes. The Federal Circuit Court of Australia acknowledges the traditional owners and custodians of country throughout Australia and acknowledges their continuing connection to land, sea and community. It was decided that the chief judge of the predecessor court who had the most seniority, as chief judge, would be the new chief judge. The Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 1st Circuit.These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.They are federal trial courts. 202-275-8000. The U.S. Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc. "U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit", United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit&oldid=992806764, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Reassigned on October 1, 1982 from the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals by 96 Stat. [4], The Federal Circuit is unique among the courts of appeals as it is the only court that has its jurisdiction based wholly upon subject matter rather than geographic location. WASHINGTON D.C. 20439. The Federal Circuit is unique among the courts of appeals as it is the only court that has its jurisdiction based wholly upon subject matter rather than geographic location.The Federal Circuit is an appellate court with jurisdiction generally given in 28 U.S.C. Upcoming Oral Arguments; Court Decorum; Calendar of Sessions; Mediation. A court of appeals decides appeals from any of the district courts that are in its federal judicial circuit. There are currently eleven (11) full-time judges and four (4) supernumerary judges of the Federal Court of Appeal. more >> - Chief Judge Sidney Thomas Welcome to the Internet portal of the United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit. When eligible, judges may elect to take senior status. [7] However, Congress changed the law in the America Invents Act of 2011, requiring the Federal Circuit to hear all appeals where the original action included a complaint or compulsory counterclaim arising under the patent laws. This Second Empire-style building is one of four surviving federal buildings designed by Alfred. Each judge in active service employs a judicial assistant and up to four law clerks, while each judge in senior status employs a judicial assistant and one law clerk. Lewis F. Powell Jr. The federal court system has three main levels: district courts (the trial court), circuit courts which are the first level of appeal, and the Supreme Court of the United States, the final level of appeal in the federal system. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. 45 - Oral Arguments By Audio or Video Conferencing Notice of Restricted Access to the Tuttle Courthouse and Godbold Federal … … Pursuant to the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982, which President Reagan signed into law in a Rose Garden ceremony at the White House on April 2, 1982, the new United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit was created. _____ Decided: August 14, 2020 _____ WILLIAM LEWIS ROBERTS, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, Minneapolis, MN, argued for plaintiff -appellee in 191633-. Federal and state laws can and do change from time to time, depending on the actions of Congress and the state legislatures. Appeals of rulings by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals are petitioned to the Supreme Court of the United States.Justice Brett Kavanaugh is the circuit justice for the Eighth Circuit. US Circuit Courts of Appeals – The US Courts of Appeal hear cases appealed from the Federal District Courts. The method by which a case arrives before an appellate court varies based upon the type of appellate court. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is a federal appellate court with appellate jurisdiction.It hears appeals based on subject matter and its rulings may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.. Also, review by the Supreme Court is discretionary, so Federal Circuit decisions are often the final word, especially since there are usually no circuit splits given the Federal Circuit's exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction. It appears that Mr. Nixon’s request for permission to appeal was initially filed at that court, which issued an order on November 4, 2020 denying his request because We are asking that you email inquiries instead of calling the court during this time. The judges of the Court are appointed by the Governor in Council. Custom House and Post Office served as the Eighth's Circuit's home from 1891 to 1935. Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. Given the continued public health restrictions and limits on public access to the courthouse, the court will also provide live audio access to such arguments. 1:17cv-02057-MMS, Chief Judge Margaret M. - Sweeney. is a federal court located in Richmond, Virginia, with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts: . The U.S. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals is the first, and only, Article III court that most veterans will ever see in their benefits claims or appeals. Court staff will respond to you as soon as possible, likely within a few hours. A litigant who loses in a federal court of appeals, or in the highest court of a state, may file a petition for a "writ of certiorari," which is a document asking the Supreme Court to review the case. 14–21; Appellants’ Reply Br. For more information, click here or contact the PACER Service Center at 800-676-6856 or 210-301-6440 (if residing in the San Antonio area). 870. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. Courthouse: U.S. Court of Appeals For The Fifth Circuit 600 Camp Street New Orleans, LA 70130 PHONE: (804) 916-2700 HOURS: 8:30 am - 5:00 p.m. M-F Pursuant to this order, all cases scheduled for oral argument through April 30, 2021, will be argued by counsel either telephonically or by video communications, with audio livestreamed to YouTube . With a national jurisdiction, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit hears appeals on patent and certain civil cases from courts such as the U.S. Court of International Trade and the Court of Federal Claims, among others. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. The appellant must … CM/ECF Document Filing System. Typically, once or twice a year, the court will hold oral arguments in a city outside of its native Washington D.C. It is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. Their terms last during the "good behavior" of the judges, which typically results in life tenure. The Fee Schedule listed on the Court's website will be updated September 1, 2018, to reflect the changes. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. The Federal Circuit may have a total of 12 active circuit judges sitting at any given time, who are required to reside within 50 miles of the District of Columbia, as set by 28 U.S.C. 6:19-CV-00532-ADA, Judge Alan Albright UNILOC 2017 LLC’S PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC WILLIAM E. DAVIS, III DAVIS FIRM PC 213 N. Fredonia Street Suite 230 The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (in case citations, 10th Cir.) Arguments will be livestreamed to YouTube and recordings will be posted on the court’s web page. The Federal Circuit is particularly known for it… The Fee Schedule listed on the Court's website will be updated September 1, 2018, to reflect the changes. No further information is available. § 44. Although the Federal Circuit typically hears all appeals from any United States District Court where the original action included a complaint arising under the patent laws, the Supreme Court decided in Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc. (2002)[6] that the Federal Circuit does not have jurisdiction if the patent claims arose solely as counterclaims by the defendant. Among 94 federal judicial districts, 12 regional circuits each feature their own court of appeals. The panels may sit in Federal courthouses, state courthouses, or even at law schools. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. As with other federal judges, they are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. If the appeal can be resolved based on the briefs and record and the decisional process would not be significantly aided by oral argument, see FED. The United States courts of appeals or circuit courts are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal judiciary. The U.S. Third Circuit Court has rejected the Trump campaign’s appeal of a federal lawsuit filed in Pennsylvania that challenged the outcome of the 2020 elections. Hayes v. United States, 258 F.2d 400 (5th Cir., 1958), cert. Please see Notice under News & Announcements for information and specifics. Sign up for the latest Federal Circuit updates. Lewis F. Powell Jr. In its first decision, the Federal Circuit incorporated as binding precedent the decisions of its predecessor courts, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims.[8]. Define circuit court of appeals. 358 U.S. 856, 79 S.Ct. March 8, 2018 - New Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan - The Second Circuit is adhering to the new Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan. The United States courts of appeals (or circuit courts) are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal courts. … A Notice of Appeal must be filed in the Regional Appeal Registry within 28 days of an order made by a Family Court judge or Federal Circuit Court judge. The court was created by Congress with passage of the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982, which merged the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims, making the judges of the former courts into circuit judges. At least by the time briefing was complete in this appeal, both parties agreed that § 1400(b) requires a past act of infringement. This Second Empire-style building is one of four surviving federal buildings designed by Alfred. Like all appellate courts, the Courts of Appeal review cases to determine: This is unlike the other courts of appeals as the authority of their decisions is restricted by geographic location and thus there may be differing judicial standards depending on location. Judges on senior status are not subject to this restriction. The second paragraph of section 1915(a) seems to contemplate initial application to the district court for permission to proceed in forma pauperis, and although the circuit rules are generally silent on the question, the case law requires initial application to the district court. 46 - Requirements to Enter Court Facilities and Temporary Suspension of Paper Filing Requirements Amended Eleventh Circuit General Order No. Authority to allow prosecution of an appeal in forma pauperis is vested in “[a]ny court of the United States” by 28 U.S.C. Opinions issued since 2012 are also available through the U.S. Government Publishing Office’s govinfo service. is therefore governed by Federal Circuit precedent. Back to: US COURT SYSTEM. Thus, the Supreme Court's 2002 Holmes ruling no longer has the force of law. Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant. The very first step in appealing a federal district court decision is filing a notice of appeal with the clerk of the district court. That means the decisions made by the 12 Circuit Courts of Appeals across the country and the Federal Circuit Court are the last word in thousands of cases. These federal courts of appeals are also known as circuit courts in the U.S. As appellate courts, circuit courts don't hold their own trials; they only hear appeals for cases decided by lower courts. There are twelve federal circuits that divide the country into different regions. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. Use the search boxes below to locate documents described above. 05/02/11 2-1 Rule 2. Next Article: Appeal to US Supreme Court. When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. Welcome to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Potter Stewart U.S.

Leonardo Dicaprio âge, Des Hommes Distribution, Méditation Christophe André 5 Minutes, Bar-le-duc Nom Des Habitants, Atelier Saint Michel, Ma Copine Ne Me Parle Plus Depuis 1 Semaine,