'Civilizing' the populations of Africa through spreading language and religion, were used as justifications for many of the brutal practices that came with the French colonial project. The French constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth Republic), established the French Union which endured until 1958. At the close of the Napoleonic Wars, most of France's colonies were restored to it by Britain, notably Guadeloupe and Martinique in the West Indies, French Guiana on the coast of South America, various trading posts in Senegal, the Île Bourbon (Réunion) in the Indian Ocean, and France's tiny Indian possessions; however, Britain finally annexed Saint Lucia, Tobago, the Seychelles, and the Isle de France (now Mauritius). Compared to previous administrations, Napoleon III was far more sympathetic to the native Algerians. Si, à la conférence de Brazzaville (1944), elle écarte sans équivoque toute idée d'autonomie ou d'indépendance, des mouvements nationalistes naissent et s'affirment, cependant, particulièrement en Afrique du Nord et en Indochine, où le Viêt-minh proclame l'indépendance du Viêt Nam (1945). The Franco-Tahitian War broke out between the Tahitian people and the French from 1844 to 1847 as France attempted to consolidate their rule and extend their rule into the Leeward Islands where Queen Pōmare sought refuge with her relatives. Mieux vaut saisir cet empire à son apogée, mettre en lumière les forces de dislocation qu'il recèle et montrer pourquoi, à un certain moment, ces forces l'ont emporté. 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The colony was administered by Paul Cambon, who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. ", Dubois, Laurent. The Thai Emperor granted authority over Cambodia to France, in exchange for two provinces of Laos, which were ceded by Cambodia to Thailand. [27] Two ships, the Croissant and the Corbin, were sent around the Cape of Good Hope in May 1601. Mais, faute d’or et de passage du Nord-Ouest vers la Chine, elle est délaissée après 1541. In 1854, Napoleon III named an enterprising French officer, Louis Faidherbe, to govern and expand the colony, and to give it the beginning of a modern economy. Le second empire colonial français se constitue à partir du milieu du 19 e siècle et perdure jusqu’au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. By the 1970s, says Robert Aldrich, the last "vestiges of empire held little interest for the French." Découvrez nos prix bas empire colonial francais et bénéficiez de 5% minimum remboursés sur votre achat. Critics of neocolonialism claimed that the Françafrique had replaced formal direct rule. The refusal of Ngô Đình Diệm, the US-supported president of the first Republic of Vietnam [RVN], to allow elections in 1956 – as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference – in fear of Ho Chi Minh's victory and subsequently a total communist takeover,[102] eventually led to the Vietnam War.[103]. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. "National, Transnational, and Hypernational Historiographies: New France Meets Early American History,", Hodson, Christopher, and Brett Rushforth, "Absolutely Atlantic: Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography,", "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 19:47. Including metropolitan France, … Bonnes affaires empire colonial francais ! Palmerston was also concerned that France might intervene in the American Civil War (1861–65) on the side of the South. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the Second Hundred Years' War. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11,500,000 km2 (4,400,000 sq mi) in 1920, with a population of 110 million people in 1936. Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, West, and Central Africa by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the east African coastal enclave of Djibouti (French Somaliland), and the island of Madagascar). L'EMPIRE COLONIAL FRANÇAIS 1936-1946 ANNÉE 1945 Dernier ajout à ce chapitre : 9 janvier 2020 . They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. L'Exposition coloniale internationale, qui se tient à Paris en 1931, consacre son apogée. [79] The emerging French-educated indigenous elite saw little value in educating rural peoples. In February 1863, he wrote a public letter to Pelissier, the Military Governor, saying: "Algeria is not a colony in the traditional sense, but an Arab kingdom; the local people have, like the colonists, a legal right to my protection. By 1943, all of the colonies, except for Indochina under Japanese control, had joined the Free French cause.[91]. In 1945, the Sétif massacre was carried out by the French army. [72] As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably French West Africa and Madagascar. La France y trouve de nombreuses richesses (voir tableau). In December 1600, a company was formed through the association of Saint-Malo, Laval, and Vitré to trade with the Moluccas and Japan. The troops arrived in Beirut in August 1860, and took positions in the mountains between the Christian and Muslim communities. Récit+débat sur l' Empire Colonial Français, dans "Au cœur de l' Histoire", avec Franck Ferrand, sur Europe 1. Although the loss of Canada would cause much regret in future generations, it excited little unhappiness at the time; colonialism was widely regarded as both unimportant to France, and immoral.[33]. [109], French census statistics from 1931 show an imperial population, outside of France itself, of 64.3 million people living on 11.9 million square kilometers. One was wrecked in the Maldives, leading to the adventure of François Pyrard de Laval, who managed to return to France in 1611. I am just as much the Emperor of the Arabs of Algeria as I am of the French." These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed French Polynesia.[41][42]. Prior to the establishment of the 1663 Sovereign Council, the territories of New France were developed as mercantile colonies. [64] The French also had smaller concessions in Guangzhou and Hankou (now part of Wuhan).[65]. La France s'empare de territoires pour exploiter des matières premières (produits agricoles et minerais) puis les importer. Importer signifie introduire sur un territoire des produits venant de territoires étrangers. [29], From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry developed a strong enthusiasm for travel to Asia and attempted to set up a French East India Company on the model of England and the Netherlands. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, implicitly acknowledging Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. While ostensibly well-intentioned, in effect this move destroyed the traditional system of land management and deprived many Algerians of land. Pour intensifier la traite des Noirs, des comptoirs sont fondés à l’embouchure du Sénégal (1626), à l’île Bourbon (actuelle → Réunion, 1638) et à Madagascar (Fort-Dauphin, 1642), et surtout en Inde, où, grâce à la Compagnie française des Indes orientales, la France dispose en 1701 des établissements de Pondichéry, Mahé, Karikal, Yanaon, Masulipatam, Chandernagor. Faidherbe built a series of forts along the Senegal River, formed alliances with leaders in the interior, and sent expeditions against those who resisted French rule. He argues, "Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria, however, what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed. After long and difficult negotiations to obtain the approval of the British government, Napoleon III sent a French contingent of seven thousand men for a period of six months. ", Andrew, C. M., and A. S. . [20], New France had a rather small population, which resulted from more emphasis being placed on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlements. Full citizenship rights – assimilation – were offered, although in reality "assimilation was always receding [and] the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens. He also promised a large public works program of new ports, railroads, and roads. During the First World War, after France had suffered heavy casualties on the Western Front, they began to recruit soldiers from their African empire. Mais la colonisation se heurte à de multiples obstacles : à l'intérêt étroitement mercantile des compagnies (qui obtiennent en 1754 le rappel de Dupleix, parce qu’elles désapprouvent sa politique expansionniste en Inde), la faiblesse démographique des colonies (particulièrement visible en Amérique du Nord, en regard de l’implantation anglaise) et les vicissitudes de la politique étrangère. Les tentatives de réorganisation de l’Empire. The largest colonies were Indochina with 21.5 million (in five separate colonies), Algeria with 6.6 million, Morocco, with 5.4 million, and West Africa with 14.6 million in nine colonies. À vrai dire, la notion d'empire colonial français est relativement récente et n'a jamais revêtu une forme institutionnelle. It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the French and Indian Wars. Nash, Gary B., Julie Roy Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, Allan M. Winkler, Charlene Mires, and Carla Gardina Pestana. Historian Tony Chafer argues: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War. L'EMPIRE COLONIAL FRANÇAIS 1936-1946 LA DRÔLE DE GUERRE : 1939-1940 Dernière mise à jour de ce chapitre : 14 mai 2020 . [28][29][30] On 1 June 1604, he issued letters patent to Dieppe merchants to form the Dieppe Company, giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years. [83][84], In Algeria, the debate was polarized. Enfin, les bases de l'Indochine française sont jetées avec l'occupation de la Cochinchine (1862-1867) et l'établissement du protectorat sur le Cambodge (1863). L'Empire français a alors atteint son étendue maximale avec 12 millions et demi de km2 et 65 millions d'habitants. By the end of Napoleon III's reign, the French overseas territories had tripled in the area; in 1870 they covered a 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi), with more than 5 million inhabitants. Autour de la métropole ne gravitent plus aujourd'hui que les départements et Régions d'outre-mer (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Réunion et Mayotte, qui n'a obtenu ce statut qu'en 2011), et les collectivités d'outre-mer (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Polynésie française, Wallis-et-Futuna, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy, Terres australes et antarctiques françaises). The overseas empire helped liberate France as 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Nonetheless, he did not give up his idea of making Algeria a model where French colonists and Arabs could live and work together as equals. It also provided manpower in the World Wars.[10]. [58] The British also felt threatened by the construction of the Suez Canal (1859–1869) by Ferdinand de Lesseps in Egypt. He allowed Muslims to serve in the military and civil service on theoretically equal terms and allowed them to migrate to France. France also extended its influence in North Africa after 1870, establishing a protectorate in Tunisia in 1881 with the Bardo Treaty. The North American possessions were ceded to Britain and Spain but the later retroceded Louisiana (New France) back to France in 1800 . The French attempt to establish a colony in Egypt in 1798–1801 was not successful. Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza helped to formalise French control in Gabon and on the northern banks of the Congo River from the early 1880s. Tous ces territoires ne sont pas exploités de la même façon. Les colonies redeviennent objet de débat sous la Révolution, à propos de l'esclavage, qui est aboli par la Convention (1794) mais rétabli par Bonaparte (1802). En Afrique, la France possède : - l'Afrique du Nord avec l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie (la première est une colonie et les deux autres des protectorats) ; The Emperor was forced to open treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all of Cochinchina became a French territory in 1864. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the Parti colonial, a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5000 members. Français : Empire colonial français (1534–1980). [108] The Indian Ocean island of Mayotte voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and forgo independence. Un planisphère de la Grande Encyclopédie Larousse figure les deux empires successifs de la France, la perte du premier, la formation du second : L’Empire français. In 1863, the ruler of Cambodia, King Norodom, who had been placed in power by the government of Thailand, rebelled against his sponsors and sought the protection of France. Toutefois, c'est la IIIe République qui crée définitivement l'empire colonial français. There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides Vanuatu, which was the last to gain independence in 1980. Le partage du monde à partir des années 1880 a fait admettre la réalité coloniale, les résistances ont faibli. The movements of Ferhat Abbas and Messali Hadj had marked the period between the two world wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. Anti-French factions in the kingdom of Huahine also attempted to fight off the French under Queen Teuhe while the kingdom of Bora Bora remained neutral but hostile to the French. [93] The Brazzaville manifesto proclaimed: The manifesto angered nationalists across the Empire, and set the stage for long-term wars in Indochina and Algeria that France would lose in humiliating fashion. They tried to oppose its completion by diplomatic pressures and by promoting revolts among workers. Both concessions lasted until 1946. The economy had largely been based on the slave trade, carried out by the rulers of the small kingdoms of the interior, until France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1848. À l'issue de la Première Guerre mondiale, par le système des mandats (territoire enlevé à une puissance vaincue et placé sous mandat confié par la Société des Nations, en théorie comme transition vers l’indépendance), la France obtient le contrôle de la Syrie et du Liban, enlevés à l’Empire ottoman, et de la majeure partie du Cameroun et du Togo, retirés à l’Allemagne (→ traité de Versailles, 1919). "[116], French law made it easy for thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and Indochina to live in mainland France. Les pays de l'Empire doivent produire essentiellement ce dont a besoin la métropole, et leurs habitants ne bénéficient que d'une participation dérisoire dans les institutions représentatives. Une volonté politique nouvelle (début du, 1.3. ", B. Olatunji Oloruntimehin, "Education for Colonial Dominance in French West Africa from 1900 to the Second World War. In 1664, the French East India Company was established to compete for trade in the east. Foccart supported in particular the Nigerian Civil War during the late 1960s. [19], The story of France's colonial empire truly began on 27 July 1605, with the foundation of Port Royal in the colony of Acadia in North America, in what is now Nova Scotia, Canada. The French troops departed in June 1861, after just under one year. Impressionistic colonials could mingle with studious scholars or radical revolutionaries or so everything in between. He built a new port at Dakar, established and protected telegraph lines and roads, followed these with a rail line between Dakar and Saint-Louis and another into the interior. Empire colonial Les empires coloniaux sont des ensembles de territoires que des États, disposant d'importantes forces militaires et navales, se sont appropriés au cours du temps sur la … The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. France's repurchase of Louisiana in 1800 came to nothing, as the success of the Haitian Revolution convinced Napoleon that holding Louisiana would not be worth the cost, leading to its sale to the United States in 1803. [22][23], In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of Louisiana in the basin of the Mississippi River. Deux fédérations regroupent ses territoires d’Afrique subsaharienne, l'Afrique-Occidentale française ou A-OF (capitale Dakar), créée en 1904, et l'Afrique-Équatoriale française ou A-ÉF (capitale Brazzaville), fondée en 1910. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean. empire colonial - traduction français-anglais. Avec 12,5 millions de kilomètres carrés et environ 68 millions d’habitants en 1939, il s’agit, sur la période, du deuxième empire colonial, après celui des Britanniques. These now total altogether 119,394 km2 (46,098 sq. Paris and Madrid agreed to collaborate to destroy it. [90], During World War II, allied Free France, often with British support, and Axis-aligned Vichy France struggled for control of the colonies, sometimes with outright military combat. The article French colonial empire … This process was corrupted by French officials sympathetic to the French in Algeria who took much of the land they surveyed into public domain. Due to this emphasis, the French relied heavily on creating friendly contacts with the local First Nations community. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the Americas, with the exception of the Huguenots in British or Dutch colonies. Under the Second Republic the country was ruled by a civilian government, but Louis Napoleon re-established a military government, much to the annoyance of the colonists. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France. Ce dernier abandonne ses velléités impérialistes d'outre-mer après l'échec de Saint-Domingue (1801-1803) et vend la Louisiane (à peine récupérée sur l’Espagne en 1800) aux États-Unis (1803). La formation de l’empire colonial français ? In September 1858 the expeditionary force captured and occupied the port of Da Nang, and then in February 1859 moved south and captured Saigon. Le mercantilisme, théorisé par Antoine de Montchrestien en 1615, considère qu’il faut dégager des excédents commerciaux par la création de colonies d’exploitation destinées à ne produire et commercer qu’au profit exclusif de la métropole. He also created a new force of colonial troops, including elite units of naval infantry, Zouaves, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, and Algerian sharpshooters, and he expanded the Foreign Legion, which had been founded in 1831 and won fame in the Crimea, Italy and Mexico. The French Union, included in the Constitution of 1946, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. Ces territoires apportent de la richesse à la France. "Writing Empire? After years of diplomatic negotiation, Britain and France agreed to abrogate the convention in 1887 and the French formally annexed all the Leeward Islands without official treaties of cession from the islands' sovereign governments. [45], Napoleon III also acted to increase the French presence in Indochina. The Emperor gradually conceived the idea that Algeria should be governed differently from other colonies. Dès 1608, Samuel de Champlain relance le comptoir de Québec, puis Montréal est fondé en 1642 : la Nouvelle-France se peuple et se développe, tout comme les Antilles, où les Français s'emparent notamment de Saint-Christophe (1625), de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique (1635). 1.6 million European pieds noirs migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Avec 10 millions de km2 et 30 millions d'habitants en 1754, l'empire est alors à son apogée. While the peace treaty saw France's Indian outposts, and the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe restored to France, the competition for influence in India had been won by the British, and North America was entirely lost – most of New France was taken by Britain (also referred to as British North America), except Louisiana, which France ceded to Spain as payment for Spain's late entrance into the war (and as compensation for Britain's annexation of Spanish Florida). On 31 December 1687 a community of French Huguenots settled in South Africa. À vrai dire, la notion d'empire colonial français est relativement récente et n'a jamais revêtu une forme institutionnelle. Dès le XVII siècle sous Louis XIV, la France acquière des territoires (Antilles, Louisiane (États-Unis)…) et quelques comptoirs commerciaux dans les Indes. Then followed a relatively peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960. [104] Algeria was a three-way conflict due to the large number of "pieds-noirs" (Europeans who had settled there in the 125 years of French rule). [117] In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 French Algerians left Algeria in the largest relocation of population in Europe since World War II. [57] Palmerston was suspicious of France's interventions in Lebanon, Southeast Asia and Mexico. Le second empire colonial français est l'ensemble des colonies de l'empire colonial français, possédé et administré par la France à partir de 1815, puis essentiellement structuré sous la Troisième République.. With the end of the French Wars of Religion, King Henry IV encourage various enterprises, set up to develop trade with faraway lands. Il est composé principalement par des possessions de la Nouvelle-France, aux Antilles, aux Indes, ainsi que des comptoirset d'îles parsemées. The Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique founded colonies in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1635, and a colony was later founded on Saint Lucia by (1650). La France doit reconnaître l'indépendance de la Syrie et du Liban (1941). Also ceded to the British were Grenada and Saint Lucia in the West Indies. [74] Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.[110]. True disaster came to what remained of France's colonial empire in 1791 when Saint Domingue (the Western third of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola), France's richest and most important colony, was riven by a massive slave revolt, caused partly by the divisions among the island's elite, which had resulted from the French Revolution of 1789. The British remained officially neutral during the war but diplomatic tensions existed between the French and British. "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars,", Greer, Allan. The French made their last major colonial gains after World War I, when they gained mandates over the former territories of the Ottoman Empire that make up what is now Syria and Lebanon, as well as most of the former German colonies of Togo and Cameroon. Following the Vietnamese victory at Điện Biên Phủ and the signing of the 1954 Geneva Accords, France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in French Indochina, while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel, with control of the north given to the Soviet-backed Viet Minh as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, and the south becoming the State of Vietnam under former Nguyen-dynasty Emperor Bảo Đại, who abdicated following the 1945 August Revolution under pressure from Ho. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 "citoyens indigènes" out of a total population of 15 million. ", Jones, Max, et al. Both nations saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. [27] In 1609, another adventurer, Pierre-Olivier Malherbe, returned from a circumnavigation of the globe and informed Henry of his adventures. It is only after the arrival of intendant Jean Talon in 1665 that France gave its American colonies the proper means to develop population colonies comparable to that of the British. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire," that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the "Second French Colonial Empire", which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830. By 1857 the army had conquered Kabyle Province, and pacified the country. This was interpreted by some Muslims as requiring them to give up parts of their religion to obtain citizenship and was resented. Colonies du deuxième empire colonial français publié dans Le Monde en 1891 Colonies of the second French colonial empire published in Le Monde Illustré in 1891. The Ottoman authorities in Lebanon could not stop the violence, and it spread into neighboring Syria, with the massacre of many Christians. [87], While the first stages of a takeover often involved the destruction of historic buildings in order to use the site for French headquarters, archaeologists and art historians soon engaged in systematic effort to identify, map and preserve historic sites, especially temples such as Angkor Wat, Champa ruins and the temples of Luang Prabang. In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and Britain, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. He intended to rule Algeria through a government of Arab aristocrats. ", Smith, Tony. [98] Paul Ramadier's (SFIO) cabinet repressed the Malagasy Uprising in Madagascar in 1947. Toward this end he invited the chiefs of main Algerian tribal groups to his chateau at Compiegne for hunting and festivities.[53]. Areas of French settlement were generally limited to the St. Lawrence River Valley. ", Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. [51][52], In the first eight years of his rule Napoleon III paid little attention to Algeria. Les Seychelles ont été occupées entre-temps. ", Remi Clignet, "Inadequacies of the notion of assimilation in African education. The Third Anglo-Burmese War, in which Britain conquered and annexed the hitherto independent Upper Burma, was in part motivated by British apprehension at France advancing and gaining possession of territories near to Burma. ", Smith, Tony. The French troops departed for a time to take part in the expedition to China, but in 1862, when the agreements were not fully followed by the Vietnamese emperor, they returned. These were restored at the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, but when war resumed in 1803, the British soon recaptured them. [82], African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard African development and maintain colonial superiority. Pas plus qu'on ne peut fixer avec rigueur la date de formation de l'empire colonial français, il n'est possible de préciser la date exacte de son éclatement. [88] Many French museums have collections of colonial materials. [60], Most Frenchmen ignored foreign affairs and colonial issues. Local resistance by the indigenous peoples resulted in the Carib Expulsion of 1660.